Bacteriophage b/w Bacteriophage

Bacteriophage

The T4 bacteriophage is a virus that attaches to the surface of the bacterium Escherichia coli. Once attached, the bacteriophage injects its DNA into the bacterium. The DNA instructs the bacterium to produce masses of new viruses. So many are produced, that the E. coli bursts releasing the viral particles.

Credits

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Home page

  • Robert Hooke's hand-crafted microscope, PHOTO RESEARCHERS / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Computer model of part of the DNA chemistry of the Escherichia coli bacterium, KENNETH EWARD / BIOGRAFX / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

About SGM

About SGM

  • Petri dish culture of the bacterium Escherichia coli, DR JEREMY BURGESS / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Photograph of the original culture plate of the fungus Penicillium notatum , made by the Scottish bacteriologist Sir Alexander Fleming, KENNETH EWARD / BIOGRAFX / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • A shower of coins, VICTOR DE SCHWANBERG / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

Membership

  • Front cover from Microbiology Today, SGM

Courses

  • Petri dish culture of the bacterium Escherichia coli, DR JEREMY BURGESS / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

Grants

  • A shower of coins, VICTOR DE SCHWANBERG / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

About Microbiology

About Microbiology

  • Illustration of bacteria, bacteriophage viruses, an alga, a protozoan and a fungus in a cell environment, CARLYN IVERSON / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Neutrophil (type of white blood cell) appendages grasping pathogenic bacteria, GARY CARLSON / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Roquefort cheese. The mould Penicillium roquefortii is used to produce the blue-green marbling, CORDELIA MOLLOY / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Hair-like green algae clinging to rocks in a sandy estuary, SIMON FRASER / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • The soil bacteria Streptomyces, DAVID SCHARF / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

Introducing microbes

  • Helicobacter pylori bacterium. The bacterium has flagella, which make it very motile. This bacterium has been linked to stomach ulcer formation, A.B. DOWSETT / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • T4 bacteriophage, DEPT. OF MICROBIOLOGY, BIOZENTRUM/ SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • A Petri dish culture of the fungus Penicillium notatum growing on agar, ANDREW MCCLENAGHAN / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Two ciliated protozoans. A one-celled Didinium (brown) is attacking a one-celled Paramecium (blue), EYE OF SCIENCE / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Filaments of Spirogyra, a green alga which forms slimy threads called "mermaid's tresses" in stagnant or slow moving water, CLAUDE NURIDSANY & MARIE PERENNOU / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Methanosarcina mazei a methane-producing organism that digests decaying organic matter, EYE OF SCIENCE / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Overview
    • The diagram highlights the sizes of different microbes and compares them to other living things, Jamie Symonds Medium Rare
  • Bacteria
    • The different bacterial shapes, Jamie Symonds Medium Rare
    • A typical bacterial cell, Jamie Symonds Medium Rare
    • Antibiotic resistance. Artwork of bacterial cells becoming resistant to antibiotics. This resistance is acquired from a donor cell's plasmid (circular unit of deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA), which has resistance seen at upper left (red/yellow, red is resistance). Viral transmission involves a virus (pink, lower left) obtaining a resistant gene, and passing it to a bacterial cell that incorporates it into its plasmid. Bacterial cells also acquire segments of DNA released from dead cells (upper left). Mutations (not seen) may also occur, which may be antibiotic resistant and thus allow the bacteria to survive and reproduce, BRYSON BIOMEDICAL ILLUSTRATIONS / CUSTOM MEDICAL STOCK PHOTO / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
    • Bacillus anthracis spores. This bacterium causes anthrax in farm animals and less commonly in humans. Spores can survive for many years and are resistant to extremes of heat, cold and drying., NIBSC / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Viruses
    • Computer artwork of a typical virus particle which is icosahedral in shape. The virus consists of a core of RNA (ribonucleic acid, green) enclosed in a capsid, or protein coat (blue spheres). Surrounding the capsid is a glycoprotein envelope (pink and green). Inserted in the envelope are surface proteins (orange spheres), which help the virus attach to its host cell, CNRI / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
    • Tobacco mosaic virus which is helical in shape, CENTRE FOR BIOIMAGING, ROTHAMSTED RESEARCH / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
    • T2 bacteriophage viruses (orange) attacking an Escherichia coli bacterium. Each phage consists of a large DNA-containing head and a tail composed of a tube-like central sheath with several fibres, LEE D. SIMON / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
    • AIDS virus (red/green) budding from the surface of a white blood cell, EYE OF SCIENCE / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
    • Herpes simplex virus infection. A section through a cell being destroyed by herpes simplex virus infection. At centre is a large cluster of viral capsids (protein coats, red) which the cell has produced at the direction of the virus's genetic material, DR LINDA STANNARD, UCT / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Fungi
    • How a mycelium is formed and how spores are distributed, Jamie Symonds Medium Rare
    • The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is used in the production of beer, wine and bread, EYE OF SCIENCE / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
    • Macroscopic filamentous Fly agaric fungus (Amanita), SIMON FRASER / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
    • Multicellular filamentous mould Rhizopus nigricans growing on bread left in a moist plastic bag for 7 days. Tangled mycelium are visible as well as sporangia bearing spores, GREGORY DIMIJIAN / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
    • The largest organism in the world, when measured by area, is the Honey mushroom fungus, Armillaria, SIMON FRASER / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Protozoa
    • Amoeba proteus protozoa. These are freshwater single-celled microbes that feed on bacteria and smaller protozoa. They use pseudopodia (cytoplasmic extensions) to engulf their food and for locomotion, Jamie Symonds Medium Rare
    • The test (shell) of the British formaminiferan, Elphidium crispum. Foraminifera are single-celled protozoa which construct and inhabit shells. The shells are usually divided into chambers which are added during growth. These shells are made of calcium carbonate but some are made from sand and even silica, POWER AND SYRED / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
    • An illustration of the protozoan Trypanosoma brucei moving past human red blood cells in the blood. It is mobile and has a single flagellum for locomotion, JOHN BAVOSI / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
    • Vorticella ciliate in compost heap. Vorticella is bell-shaped with a contractile stalk (bottom) to anchor itself to the surface. It has a flattened top with a mouth surrounded by a wreath of cilia (tiny hair-like projections). By beating these cilia the organism causes the water to swirl like water down a plug hole which draws bacteria into its mouth, EYE OF SCIENCE / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
    • A Paramecium protozoan. This single-celled organism lives in freshwater habitats. It is covered in cilia, short hair-like structures used for swimming and for wafting food into its groove-like mouth (centre), POWER AND SYRED / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Algae
    • Filamentous green alga Spirogyra. Green algae can make their own food through a process of photosynthesis. They are at the beginning of the food chain and are known as primary producers, ERIC GRAVE / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
    • Chlamydomonas is a unicellular green alga. It is mobile and has two tail-like flagella that it uses for locomotion, MICROFIELD SCIENTIFIC LTD / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
    • Algal blooms lining the shores (light green). These blooms occur as a result of a change in the nutrient levels of the river. Contamination by sewage or fertilisers can increase the water's mineral content, which accelerates the growth of all plants, particularly aquatic algae, BERNHARD EDMAIER / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
    • A selection of diatoms. Diatoms are single-celled photosynthetic algae. Their cell walls contain a hard substance called silica, STEVE GSCHMEISSNER / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
    • Dulse (red) seaweed - Rhodymenia palmata is an edible alga. Dulse is very popular in Ireland, where it is often mixed with potatoes and butter, adding a salty, savoury bite to fried potato champ, DR KEITH WHEELER / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Archaea
    • Sulfolobus is an extremophile that is found in hot springs and thrives in acidic and sulphur-rich environments, EYE OF SCIENCE / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
    • Methanosarcina rumen (green with red cell walls) is anaerobic, and is found in places with little or no oxygen. It is a methane- producing organism that digests decaying organic matter. It is found in the rumen of a group of animals called ruminants such as cattle and sheep, EYE OF SCIENCE / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
    • Staphylothermus marinus is an extremophile found in deep ocean hydrothermal vents, thriving on volcanic sulphur and surviving in water temperatures of up to 98°C, WOLFGANG BAUMEISTER / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
    • Halococcus salifodinae is found in water with high concentrations of salt. These high salt concentrations would be deadly to most other forms of life, and so H. salifodinae is also known as an extremophile, EYE OF SCIENCE / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
    • Methanococcoides burtonii is an extremophile and was discovered in 1992 in Ace Lake, Antarctica, and can survive in temperatures as low as -2.5 °C, DR M.ROHDE, GBF / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

Microbes and the human body

  • Artwork of a human figure surrounded by disease-causing microbial pathogens, BRYSON BIOMEDICAL ILLUSTRATIONS / CUSTOM MEDICAL STOCK PHOTO / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Computer artwork of the immune system protecting the body against invading pathogens, MEDI-MATION / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Illustration of antibody action on invading bacteria. The antibodies (Y-shaped, red) are binding to and destroying the bacteria (brown) as these organisms move into the blood vessel at lower right. The blood vessel also contains a white blood cell (blue) and red blood cells (red), CARLYN IVERSON / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Close-up of a running nose, BSIP, KRASSOVSKY / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Close-up of a doctor giving an influenza (flu) vaccination, JAMES KING-HOLMES / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Notes on and a drawing of the original culture plate of the fungus Penicillium notatum, made by the Scottish bacteriologist Sir Alexander Fleming whilst working at St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington, London. Fleming discovered in 1928 that secretions from Penicillium notatum destroyed colonies of the bacterium Staphylococcus. The secretion was named an antibiotic, ST MARY'S HOSPITAL MEDICAL SCHOOL / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Immune system
    • A macrophage (type of phagocyte) engulfing a bacterium, Jamie Symonds Medium Rare
    • A blood clot, CNRI / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
    • Computer artwork of bacteria (blue and green) on human skin, DAVID MACK / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
    • Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (yellow) sticking to the mucus (blue) on the hair-like cilia, JUERGEN BERGER / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
    • Macrophage engulfing (yellow) engulfing Escherichia coli bacteria (pink rods). This process is called phagocytosis, EYE OF SCIENCE / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Antibody - antigen
    • Antibody-antigen complex, Jamie Symonds Medium Rare
  • Transmission of microbes
    • Transmission by person to person contact. Measles, mumps and tuberculosis can be spread by coughing or sneezing. A cough or a sneeze can release millions of microbes into the air in droplets of mucus or saliva which can then infect somebody else if they breathe in the infected particles, ADAM HART-DAVIS / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
    • Transmission by food. Chicken skin from a retail package contaminated with bacteria some of the bacteria are Salmonella. Cooking the chicken properly will kill the bacteria and make the meat safe to eat, SCIMAT / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
    • Transmission by contaminated wastewater flowing from a pipe into a lagoon. Some diseases are caused by drinking water that is contaminated by human or animal faeces, which may contain disease-causing microbes, ROBERT BROOK / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
    • Insects can also transmit pathogens to food; house flies are very good at spreading Salmonella and E.coli O157. They feed on faecal waste and transfer microbes from their feet and other body parts to food, MAURO FERMARIELLO / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
    • Transmission by fomites (non-living objects) such as barbed wire. A puncture wound on the finger caused by a prick from rusted barbed wiremay result in tetanus due to infection by spores of the bacterium Clostridium tetani. The spores live mainly in soil and manure, but are also found on dirty or rusting metal objects. If untreated, tetanus (lockjaw) may be fatal, OSCAR BURRIEL / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Vaccination
    • MMR vaccine being drawn into a syringe. This combined vaccine protects children from three viral diseases measles, mumps and rubella, TEK IMAGE / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Antibiotics
    • The effects of the antibiotic drug ceftazidine on Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The antibiotic kills the bacteria (red) by causing the cell wall to disintegrate (yellow remnants), P.FERGUSON, ISM / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

Microbes and food

  • Microbiologist holding a Petri dish containing a culture of Bacillus cereus bacteria in one hand and a sample of reheated rice in the other. It can be found on rice that has been cooked and then improperly refrigerated. When the rice is reheated, the bacterial spores survive and germinate, leading to nausea and sickness after eating, TIM VERNON, LTH NHS TRUST / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Mouldy bread. The mould Penicillium is penetrating the bread, digesting it and absorbing nutrients, CORDELIA MOLLOY / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Yoghurt is made by adding two different types of lactic acid bacteria to milk. The bacteria are Streptococcus thermophilus (orange spherical cells) and Lactobacillus bulgaricus (blue rod-shaped cells), SCIMAT / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Poisoners
    • The bacterium Campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of food poisoning. Contaminated poultry, meat and milk are sources of infection. It takes about 3 days for the symptoms of diarrhoea, stomach cramps and fever to develop, A. DOWSETT, HEALTH PROTECTION AGENCY / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Spoilers
    • Penicillium mould growing on bread. The yellow fibrous structures are hyphae, which make up the main body of the fungus. They penetrate the bread and absorb nutrients. The small green dots are the conidia, the spores of the mould, SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Producers
    • Bread yeast - Saccharomyces cerevisiae, used to make bread. Yeast is a single-celled fungus. It is able to ferment sugar, producing alcohol and carbon dioxide in the process. It has long been used to make beer and wine as well as bread (the carbon dioxide causes the dough to rise), MARTYN F. CHILLMAID / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

Microbes and climate change

  • Microalgae biofuel research. Researcher adjusting a bioreactor to culture microalgae. Bioreactors are used to maintain a specific environment. They allow all aspects of the environment, such as pH, temperature, and light, to be controlled and maintained at the required levels, HUBERT RAGUET / LOOK AT SCIENCES / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Mosquito feeding on human blood. There is concern among some scientists that climate change will cause an increase in the number of some mosquito-borne diseases, SINCLAIR STAMMERS / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Microbes and Bio fuels
    • The common soil fungus Trichoderma. It secretes huge quantities of the enzyme cellulase. Cellulase speeds up the breakdown of cellulose into sugars, CLAUDE NURIDSANY & MARIE PERENNOU / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Microbes and Health
    • Bluetongue virus (BTV) which causes bluetongue disease in domestic and wild ruminants is carried by a midge and transmitted to mammals through a bite, DESY / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

Teachers

Teachers

  • Cloning DNA. Scientist using a wire loop to examine a colony of genetically engineered bacteria on a Petri dish, MAXIMILIAN STOCK LTD / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Sterilizing a wire loop over a Bunsen burner, MARTYN F. CHILLMAID / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Escherichia coli bacterial culture (white) being grown in a Petri dish on a nutrient medium (red), CC STUDIO / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Students using microscopes during a school biology lesson, DAVID TAYLOR / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Petri dishes filled with agar nutrient media on which bacteria are grown, TEK IMAGE / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Picture of the front cover of The Good, The Bad and The Ugly - Microbes, SOCIETY FOR GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY

Safety information

  • Sterilizing a wire loop over a Bunsen burner, MARTYN F. CHILLMAID / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Assorted signs and symbols warning of potential hazards, STEVE ALLEN / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Students in a biology laboratory preparing microbial cultures, SIMON FRASER / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Safety Guidelines
    • Autoclave oven. In schools a pressure cooker can be used instead. See Basic Practical Microbiology - A Manual, Appendix 5 for further information, STEVE PERCIVAL / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

Observing microbes

  • Petri dish culture of the bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum, a nitrogen fixing bacterium, growing on YMA medium (yeast manitol medium). The picture shows the pattern of streaking used to isolate single colonies, DR JEREMY BURGESS / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • The mould Penicillium chrysogenum culture growing on agar, ANDREW MCCLENAGHAN / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • The desmid Micrasterias. The desmids are a group of freshwater unicellular green algae characterised by their intricately- shaped cell walls and symmetrical shapes, POWER AND SYRED / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Vorticella are ciliate protozoa. Their bell-shaped heads have tiny, hair-like structures (cilia) which are moved in a waving motion to waft food towards them from the surrounding fluid. The cilia can also be used for movement. Each head is attached to a stalk which the protozoan uses to secure itself to an anchor-point, EYE OF SCIENCE / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Bacteria
    • Colony morphology, SOCIETY FOR GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
    • A swab from a bin spread directly onto nutrient agar. Colonies differ in their shape, size, colour and texture. Can you count how many different colony types there are? Use the diagrams on colony morphology to help you interpret your plate, SOCIETY FOR GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
    • A cough that was aimed directly onto nutrient agar. Colonies differ in their shape, size, colour and texture. Can you count how many different colony types there are? Use the diagrams on colony morphology to help you interpret your plate, SOCIETY FOR GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
    • A sample of liquid soap spread onto nutrient agar and a swab from a bar of solid soap also spread onto nutrient agar. Soaps are not designed to kill microbes. They help to wash them of your skin, better than water alone. Why do you think that the solid soap (kept by the sink and handled regularly) had more bacteria living on it than the liquid soap (kept in a dispenser, so not handled) which had none? You may be interested to know that while soaps do not kill microbes they can be quite a good medium for them to grow on!, SOCIETY FOR GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
    • A streak plate to isolate single colonies of a specific bacterium found living on a sample of paper. Paper is not a good object for bacteria to live on as it cannot sustain their growth. The bacteria found on the paper are know as transient i.e. they are just passing the time until a better place to live comes along. Handling the paper would transfer the resident bacteria from a person's hand to the paper, SOCIETY FOR GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
  • Fungi
    • Colony morphology, SOCIETY FOR GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
    • Plate 1 contains a circular piece of bread that has been allowed to go mouldy. There is overgrowth on the plate and many different mould species can be seen. In between the two plates is a toothpick which was used to isolate the spores from one of the moulds from plate 1. The mould spores from the toothpick were inoculated onto malt extract agar, plate 2. Use the diagrams on colony morphology to help you interpret plate 2, SOCIETY FOR GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
    • Two malt extract agar plates were exposed to the air outdoors and two malt extract plates were exposed to the air indoors. Use the diagrams on colony morphology to help you interpret the plates. Why do you think there are more moulds on the plates exposed to the outdoor air than the indoor air?, SOCIETY FOR GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
    • An excellent example of fungal mycelium. Use the diagrams on colony morphology to help you the plate, SOCIETY FOR GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
    • Isolation of mould from a swabbed desk. Fungal spores are all around us in the air. These spores can land on the desk. They need the right conditions to grow: warm water and food. A desk is not a good object for the spores to grow on as there is very little to sustain their growth. The mould spores found on the desk are know as transient i.e. they are just passing the time until a better place to live comes along. Once the spores on the swab are transferred to the malt extract agar they grow, SOCIETY FOR GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY

Microscopes

  • Light Microscope, LEONARD LESSIN / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

Books

  • The Good, The Bad and The Ugly - Microbes, SOCIETY FOR GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
  • Microbiology: A Resource for key stage 5, SOCIETY FOR GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY

Microbial recipes

  • Bagel, VERONIQUE LEPLAT / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Elderflower, BILDAGENTUR-ONLINE / TH FOTO / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Cut ginger on a plate, GEOFF KIDD / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Glass of milk next to a pot of yoghurt, BSIP CHASSENET / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

Students

Students

  • Artwork of sexually transmitted infections. Inside the female (left) and male (right) symbols are several Chlamydia bacteria. The spiral bacterium at upper left is Treponema pallidum, the cause of syphilis. The paired bacteria (lower right) are Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the cause of gonorrhoea. The cells with long extensions are Trichomonas protozoa, the cause of trichomoniasis, or vaginitis. These diseases can all be spread by sexual contact. Their spread can be prevented by the use of barrier contraceptives such as condoms, JOHN BAVOSI / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Illustration of an antibiotic acting on bacteria. The antibiotic kills the bacteria by causing the cell wall to disintegrate, JOHN BAVOSI / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Bacteria from a compost heap. At centre (green, corkscrew- like) is a spirochaete, with its characteristic spiral shape, EYE OF SCIENCE / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • Glass of milk next to a pot of yoghurt, BSIP CHASSENET / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • SOCIETY FOR GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY

STI Tutorial & Quiz

  • Page 13
    • Chlamydia trachomatis, PASIEKA/SPL
  • Page 14
    • Neisseria gonorrhoeae (red) on a human epithelial cell, SPL
  • Page 15
    • Treponema pallidum , PASIEKA/SPL
  • Page 20
    • Herpes simplex viruses budding from the surface of a cell (yellow), THOMAS DEERINCK, NCMIR/SPL
  • Page 22
    • Human papilloma viruses, DR LINDA STANNARD, UCT/SPL
  • Page 24
    • Computer artwork of a Hepatitis B virus, BSIP DUCLOUX/SPL
  • Page 26
    • T-lymphocyte blood cell (green) infected with Human Immunodeficiency virus (red), NIBSC/SPL
  • Page 27
    • Pubic louse, E. GRAY/SPL

What's new

What's new

  • COLIN CUTHBERT / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • SUZANNE GRALA / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
  • SOCIETY FOR GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY

News

  • Computer artwork of a H1N1 swine flu virus particle, PASIEKA / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY